ABSTRACT
Background: Urinary tract infection is a collective term for infections that involve any part of the urinary tract. It is one of the most common infections in local primary care. There are wide range of factors identified that can increase susceptibility to UTI, like sexual intercourse, congenital abnormalities, urinary obstruction, prior history of UTI, diabetes, urogenital surgery, estrogen deficiency. Diabetes mellitus has been a significant risk factor for complicated UTI. Presence of microalbumin in urine in patients of urinary tract infection may be a predictor of intrinsic renal pathology and its presence is a predictor of ongoing progressive damage to kidneys. Microalbuminuria is also associated with cardiovascular events and diabetic nephropathy. Early diagnosis of microalbuminuria will decrease the incidence of end stage renal disease and cardiovascular events. The present study was thus conducted to evaluate prevalence of microalbuminuria in patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections.Material & Methods:The present hospital based case control study was conducted on 60 patients visiting the outpatient clinic (OPD) of Department of Urology, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala and diagnosed with UTI and the control group consisted of 20 age and gender matched individuals. Estimation of urine microalbumin was done by Enyme linked immunoassay(ELISA) kit method in Department of Biochemistry, GMC Patiala.Results:Out of 60 cases of UTI included in the present study, prevalence of microalbuminuria was observed in 43.3% among cases of UTI . A total of 85% of the cases with positive urine culture had microalbuminuria (p<0.01).Conclusions:Microalbuminuria and ACR can be recommended for predicting ESRD at an early stage of kidney disease.
ABSTRACT
Background: Hepatitis virus infections have many serious consequences like chronic hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cancer. Serological test is thus necessary to identify hepatitis virus in the body. An observational study was conducted with an objective to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies by rapid card tests and to find the prevalence of co-infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses from January 2019 to June 2019.Methods: Blood samples were received from patients irrespective of age and sex, constituted the material for the present study. All samples were tested on hepacard and tri-dot card for the detection of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus and results were interpreted as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.Results: Out of 3488 samples, 254 samples were positive for hepatitis virus infection. Out of these 254 samples positive for hepatitis viruses, 22 (0.6%) patients were positive for hepatitis B virus and 232 (6.6%) patients were positive for hepatitis C virus. Only 2 (0.7%) of these patients showed co-infection with both viruses.Conclusions: Male patients showed more positivity of hepatitis virus as compared to females. Patients were more from outpatient department (OPD) as compared to inpatient department (IPD). Hepatitis virus infection was found to be highest in the age group 21-40 and lowest in the age group above 80 years. Both the co-infected patients were males and from IPD.
ABSTRACT
The wide usage of disc batteries in toys, in the late seventies presented a new problem. In the form of accidental lodgements in the pediatric aerodigestive tract. The physico-chemical nature of the disc battery necessitates an early removal, so as to avoid a fatal outcome if missed and retained for a long duration. Management of one such case is reported with radiographic documentation.
ABSTRACT
Background: Catheter associated complications are very common in the emergency departments of medicine, general surgery, orthopaedics and in community. They mostly occur in patients with neurological afflictions because of inexperience of the first handlers as they lack the insight of altered physiology and anatomy in the lower urinary tract because of neurological lesions and also because of an inadequate advice at the time of discharge regarding the catheter care. Objectives of this study were to find the prevalence of per-urethral catheter associated injuries in patients with neurological lesions in a tertiary care centre of south-eastern Punjab and their prevention in completely recoverable neurological afflictions.Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted in urology department from 1st August 2017-31st August 2018. The data was taken from medicine, general surgery and orthopedic emergency departments. A total of 82 patients were taken from 19-78 years and 49 patients had per-urethral catheter placement. Analysis was done using Statistical Program of Special Sciences, version 20.Results: It was observed that overall neurological lesions are more common in males (80.48%) as compared to females (19.51%) and distributed over an age range of 19-84 years in both sexes. Out of total patients, 59.75% required per urethral catheterization. The prevalence of per-urethral catheter associated complications was 20.40%.Conclusions: Insertion of per-urethral catheter is a simple procedure but an error of omission on the part of health professionals’ results in a serious complication in a neurological patient. Proper insertion technique and catheter care are to be followed to prevent avoidable complications in this subset of patients.
ABSTRACT
Background: Aim of the study was to compare efficacy of Tadalafil and Alfuzosin regimens in patients of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia.Methods: It was a comparative, prospective, observational, non-invasive, parallel and randomised study conducted at the Outpatient Department of Urology, Rajindra Hospital, Patiala. 60 patients diagnosed with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia along with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, out which, 30 patients, consuming Tadalafil and 30 patients consuming Alfuzosin were considered. History regarding the concerned disease and the compliance of treatment was taken. Symptom scores were assessed with the help of International Prostate Symptom Score, Quality of Lifestyle Score and Erectile Dysfunction Score. Physical examination consisting of Focused Neurological Examination along with Digital Rectal Examination were conducted. Parameters like Renal Function Test, Urine analysis, Ultrasound of Prostate and uroflowmetry were also considered.Results: The mean age selected for study was 64 years for Tadalafil and Alfuzosin group. The mean level of IPS Score, Qol Score and ED Score at the first day of inclusion of patients were 23.96±4.49, 4±0.78, and 25.33±4.02 respectively for Tadalafil group and regarding Alfuzosin group they were 25.23±4.84, 3.56±0.81, and 26.1±4.04 respectively. Follow ups were conducted at 15 days, 1 month and 3 months for both the groups which were found to be statistically significant after 3 months and Alfuzosin showed a favourable result.Conclusions: Alfuzosin 10mg given at daily dose was found to have higher efficacy than Tadalafil (5mg).
ABSTRACT
Three different experiments with colliding artificial molecules, made of binary strings, are reported. Rules of evolution are designed such that the innovative collisions, i.e., those producing new species at the end of a reaction, become a negligible part of total number of collisions after a sufficiently large number of collisions have taken place. The distribution of species in the final mixture according to their bit size as well as the decay profile of the reactive and the innovative collisions are obtained. It is seen that the prescribed rules are sufficient to characterize a self-regulatory feature of the evolving system.